Effects of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery on Olfactory and Taste Functions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1532/hsf.2505Keywords:
Coronary artery bypass grafting, olfactory, tasteAbstract
Background: Olfactory and taste sensations have a high impact on the quality of life. Impaired olfactory and taste functions may have a negative effect on physical and mental well-being, personal hygiene, and nutritional satisfaction, leading to the occurrence of depressive symptoms and impaired quality of life. Therefore, the recovery period of patients with disturbed olfactory and taste functions may be prolonged, and return to active life may be delayed. We designed this study to determine whether on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgeries have any effects on olfactory and taste functions and compare these functions between the surgical groups.
Methods: A total of 60 patients, who underwent elective isolated first-time CABG, were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups as Off-Pump and On-Pump CABG groups with 30 patients in each group. In addition to patients' primary clinical and laboratory data, olfactory and taste functions were evaluated pre- and postoperatively in both groups separately, and then these functions were compared between the groups. Olfactory functions were evaluated by the Brief Smell Identification Test, while taste functions by the Burghart Taste test.
Results: Olfactory functions significantly were disrupted in the postoperative period in patients undergoing on-pump CABG (P value < .05), while these functions significantly were not affected in patients undergoing off-pump CABG (P value > .05). During the preoperative period, advanced age and smoking were detected to be independent predictors of impaired olfactory function for the study population. During the postoperative period, smoking, amount of postoperative bleeding and serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level were found to be independent predictors of impaired olfactory function for just the On-Pump CABG Group. In both groups, no significant deterioration in taste functions occurred during the postoperative period (P value > .05).
Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that olfactory function was impaired in patients, who underwent on-pump CABG in the postoperative period, and significant impairment in taste function was present in neither off-pump nor on-pump CABG patients. However, the results of our study should be supported by more comprehensive, prospective, randomized controlled trials with more extensive patient series and by further tests.
References
Akarsu S, Kan II, Sevingil T, Tok M. 2016. Effect of body mass index on mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Heart Surg Forum 19:218-23.
Cai H, Maudsley S, Martin B. 2014. What is the role of metabolic hormones in taste buds of the tongue. Front Horm Res 42:134-46.
Ciofalo A, Zambetti G, Romeo M, et al. 2015. Taste and olfaction in middle ear surgery. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 124:312-6.
Dahlslett SB, Goektas O, Schmidt F, et al. 2012. Psychophysiological and electrophysiological testing of olfactory and gustatory function in patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 269:1163-9.
Erdem K, Yurttas V, Bilgi M, et al. 2014. Evaluation of olfactory memory after coronary artery bypass grafting. Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol 11:381-4.
Frasnelli J, Hummel T. 2005. Olfactory dysfunction and daily life. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 262:231-5.
Frasnelli J, Landis BN, Heilmann S, et al. 2004. Clinical presentation of qualitative olfactory dysfunction. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 261:411-5.
Gondivkar SM1, Indurkar A, Degwekar S, Bhowate R. 2009. Evaluation of gustatory function in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 108:876-80.
Huang Z, Huang S, Cong H, et al. 2017. Smell and taste dysfunction is associated with higher serum total cholesterol concentrations in Chinese adults. J Nutr 147:1546-51.
Hussain G, Azam H, Baig MA, Ahmad N. 2016. Early outcomes of on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Pak J Med Sci 32:917-21.
Kawai K, Sugimoto K, Nakashima K, Miura H, Ninomiya Y. 2000. Leptin as a modulator of sweet taste sensitivities in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:11044-9.
Kawamura T, Wakusawa R, Okada K, Inada S. 1993. Elevation of cytokines during open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: participation of interleukin 8 and 6 in reperfusion injury. Can J Anaesth 40:1016-21.
Khobragade RS, Wakode SL, Kale AH. 2012. Physiological taste threshold in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 56:42-7.
Kim WY, Hura M, Chob MS, Leec HS. 2003. Effect of olfactory function on nutritional status of Korean elderly women. Nutr Res 23:723434.
Lee WH, Wee JH, Kim DK, et al. 2013. Prevalence of subjective olfactory dysfunction and its risk factors: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS One 8:e62725.
Liu G, Zong G, Doty RL, Sun Q. 2016. Prevalence and risk factors of taste and smell impairment in a nationwide representative sample of the US population: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 6:e013246.
Martin B, Maudsley S, White CM, Egan JM. 2009. Hormones in the nasooropharynx: endocrine modulation of taste and smell. Trends Endocrinol Metab 20:163-70.
Moody DM, Bell MA, Challa VR, Johnston WE, Prough DS. 1990. Brain microemboli during cardiac surgery or aortography. Ann Neurol 28:477-96.
Newman MF, Wolman R, Kanchuger M, et al. 1996. Multicenter preoperative stroke risk index for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation 94:74-80.
Newman MF, Kirchner JL, Phillips-Bute B, et al. 2001. Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 344: 395-402.
Rasmussen VF, Vestergaard ET, Hejlesen O, Andersson CUN, Cichosz SL. 2018. Prevalence of taste and smell impairment in adults with diabetes: A cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Prim Care Diabetes 12:453-9.
Seubert J, Laukka EJ, Rizzuto D, et al. 2017. Prevalence and correlates of olfactory dysfunction in old age: a population-based study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 7:a018994.
Shin Y, Martin B, Golden E, et al. 2008. Modulation of taste sensitivity by GLP-1 signaling. J Neurochem 106:455-63.
Suleiman MS, Zacharowski K, Angelini GD. 2008. Inflammatory response and cardioprotection during open-heart surgery: the importance of anaesthetics. Br J Pharmacol 153:21-33.
Sultan B, May LA, Lane AP. 2011. The role of TNF-α in inflammatory olfactory loss. Laryngoscope 121:2481-6.
Sun JH, Wu XY, Wang WJ, Jin LL. 2012. Cognitive dysfunction after off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: a meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 40:852-8.
van Dijk D, Nierich AP, Jansen EW, et al. 2001. Early outcome after off-pump versus on-pump coronary bypass surgery: results from a randomized study. Circulation 104:1761-6.
Wang Y, Shi X, Du R, Chen Y, Zhang Q. 2017. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol 54:283-92.
Yuksel A, Kan II, Yolgosteren A, et al. 2017. Are the early postoperative outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting surgery in elderly women worse compared to men's? Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 32:191-6.
Yuksel A, Yolgosteren A, Kan II, et al. 2018. A comparison of early clinical outcomes of off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery in elderly patients. Acta Chir Belg 118:99-104.
