Progress in Research of Asymptomatic Primary Mitral Regurgitation Examination Methods: A Review of Literature
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1532/hsf.3483Keywords:
primary mitral regurgitation, speckle tracking echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, brain natriuretic peptide, exercise stress testAbstract
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common valvular heart disease, which can be classified into primary and secondary, according to the cause. Primary mitral regurgitation (PMR) is caused by rheumatic fever, degenerative changes, valve prolapse, etc. The appearance of clinical symptoms has always been the best indicator of surgical intervention in patients with severe PMR, but for asymptomatic patients, the best treatment has been controversial. The choice of follow-up observation or early surgery has different results in different randomized studies. Two-dimensional echocardiography is the most commonly used detection method for evaluating MR, but its evaluation of the degree of reflux may be inaccurate, and there are differences in the outcomes of patients with asymptomatic PMR. Recent studies have shown that three-dimensional echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, speckle-tracking echocardiography, brain natriuretic peptide, and exercise stress test can optimize the timing of surgery for asymptomatic patients and judge the asymptomatic of PMR.
References
Abdel Fattah EM, Girgis HY, El Khashab K, et al. 2016. B-type Natriuretic Peptide as an Index of Symptoms and Severity of Chronic Rheumatic Mitral Regurgitation[J]. Heart Views. 17(1):7-12.
Badano LP, Kolias TJ, Muraru D, et al. 2018. Standardization of left atrial, right ventricular, and right atrial deformation imaging using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging[J]. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 19(6):591-600.
Badhwar V, Peterson ED, Jacobs JP, et al. 2012. Longitudinal outcome of isolated mitral repair in older patients: results from 14,604 procedures performed from 1991 to 2007[J]. Ann Thorac Surg. 94(6):1870-7; discussion 1877-9.
Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, et al. 2017. 2017 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease[J]. Eur Heart J. 38(36):2739-2791.
Biner S, Rafique A, Rafii F, et al. 2010. Reproducibility of proximal isovelocity surface area, vena contracta, and regurgitant jet area for assessment of mitral regurgitation severity[J]. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 3(3):235-43.
Cameli M, Lisi M, Righini FM, et al. 2013. Usefulness of atrial deformation analysis to predict left atrial fibrosis and endocardial thickness in patients undergoing mitral valve operations for severe mitral regurgitation secondary to mitral valve prolapse[J]. Am J Cardiol. 111(4):595-601.
Cawley PJ, Maki JH, Otto CM. 2009. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for valvular heart disease: technique and validation[J]. Circulation. 119(3):468-78.
Chandra S, Salgo IS, Sugeng L, et al. 2011. A three-dimensional insight into the complexity of flow convergence in mitral regurgitation: adjunctive benefit of anatomic regurgitant orifice area[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 301(3):H1015-24.
de Agustín JA, Marcos-Alberca P, Fernandez-Golfin C, et al. 2012. Direct measurement of proximal isovelocity surface area by single-beat three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography in mitral regurgitation: a validation study[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 25(8):815-23.
Debonnaire P, Leong DP, Witkowski TG, et al. 2013. Left atrial function by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in patients with severe organic mitral regurgitation: association with guidelines-based surgical indication and postoperative (long-term) survival[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 26(9):1053-62.
Deroyer C, Magne J, Moonen M, et al. 2015. New biomarkers for primary mitral regurgitation[J]. Clin Proteomics. 12:25.
Florescu M, Benea DC, Rimbas RC, et al. 2012. Myocardial systolic velocities and deformation assessed by speckle tracking for early detection of left ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with severe primary mitral regurgitation[J]. Echocardiography. 29(3):326-33.
Ghoreishi M, Evans CF, DeFilippi CR, et al. 2011. Pulmonary hypertension adversely affects short- and long-term survival after mitral valve operation for mitral regurgitation: implications for timing of surgery[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 142(6):1439-52.
Henri C, Piérard LA, Lancellotti P, et al. 2014. Exercise testing and stress imaging in valvular heart disease[J]. Can J Cardiol. 30(9):1012-26.
Heo R, Son JW, Ó Hartaigh B, et al. 2017. Clinical Implications of Three-Dimensional Real-Time Color Doppler Transthoracic Echocardiography in Quantifying Mitral Regurgitation: A Comparison with Conventional Two-Dimensional Methods[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 30(4):393-403.e7.
Klaar U, Gabriel H, Bergler-Klein J, et al. 2011. Prognostic value of serial B-type natriuretic peptide measurement in asymptomatic organic mitral regurgitation[J]. Eur J Heart Fail. 13(2):163-9.
Kramer CM, Barkhausen J, Flamm SD, et al. 2013. Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) protocols 2013 update[J]. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 15:91.
Lang RM, Badano LP, Tsang W, et al. 2012. EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography[J]. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 13(1):1-46.
Magne J, Mahjoub H, Dulgheru R, et al. 2014. Left ventricular contractile reserve in asymptomatic primary mitral regurgitation[J]. Eur Heart J. 35(24):1608-16.
Magne J, Mahjoub H, Pibarot P, et al. 2012. Prognostic importance of exercise brain natriuretic peptide in asymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation[J]. Eur J Heart Fail. 14(11):1293-302.
Myerson SG, d'Arcy J, Christiansen JP, et al. 2016. Determination of Clinical Outcome in Mitral Regurgitation With Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Quantification[J]. Circulation. 133(23):2287-96.
Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, et al. 2016. Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging[J]. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 17(12):1321-1360.
Penicka M, Vecera J, Mirica DC, et al. 2018. Prognostic Implications of Magnetic Resonance-Derived Quantification in Asymptomatic Patients With Organic Mitral Regurgitation: Comparison With Doppler Echocardiography-Derived Integrative Approach[J]. Circulation. 137(13):1349-1360.
Pizarro R, Bazzino OO, Oberti PF, et al. 2009. Prospective validation of the prognostic usefulness of brain natriuretic peptide in asymptomatic patients with chronic severe mitral regurgitation[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 54(12):1099-106.
Schiros CG, Dell'Italia LJ, Gladden JD, et al. 2012. Magnetic resonance imaging with 3-dimensional analysis of left ventricular remodeling in isolated mitral regurgitation: implications beyond dimensions[J]. Circulation. 125(19):2334-42.
Shanks M, Delgado V, Ng AC, et al. 2010. Mitral valve morphology assessment: three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography versus computed tomography[J]. Ann Thorac Surg. 90(6):1922-9.
Sharma V, Newby DE, Stewart RA, et al. 2015. Exercise stress echocardiography in patients with valvular heart disease[J]. Echo Res Pract. 2(3):89-98.
Tan HT, Ling LH, Dolor-Torres MC, et al. 2013. Proteomics discovery of biomarkers for mitral regurgitation caused by mitral valve prolapse[J]. J Proteomics. 94:337-45.
Thavendiranathan P, Popović ZB, Flamm SD, et al. 2013. Improved interobserver variability and accuracy of echocardiographic visual left ventricular ejection fraction assessment through a self-directed learning program using cardiac magnetic resonance images[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 26(11):1267-73.
Uretsky S, Gillam L, Lang R, et al. 2015. Discordance between echocardiography and MRI in the assessment of mitral regurgitation severity: a prospective multicenter trial[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 65(11):1078-88.
Yang LT, Liu YW, Shih JY, et al. 2015. Predictive value of left atrial deformation on prognosis in severe primary mitral regurgitation[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 28(11):1309-1317.e4.
Yingchoncharoen T, Negishi T, Stanton T, et al. 2014. Incremental value of three-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of left ventricular size in mitral regurgitation: a follow-up study after mitral valve surgery[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 27(6):608-15.
Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, et al. 2017. Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance[J]. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 30(4):303-371.
